The QDM datatype Device, Applied has often been used in current eCQMs to address the procedure during which a device is applied. In a review of QDM mapping to HL7 FHIR resources in the HL7 Clinical Quality Information Work Group, the participants suggested that the procedure to use or implant a device should use the QDM datatypes Procedure, Performed or Intervention, Performed as more appropriate context for the activity. Moreover, using the procedure to use the device fails to address the need to define the type(s) of device(s) intended by the eCQM.
Note that the original intent of the QDM datatype Device, Applied was to address specific information about use of specific device(s) of interest. Therefore, the HL7 CQI Work Group recommended mapping Device, Applied to the HL7 FHIR resource, DeviceUseStatement, i.e., a record of the device in use which allows the eCQM to clearly define the device(s) of interest and, if desired, the Unique Device Identifier(s) (UDIs).

For the QDM User Group:
1. the recommendation to map Device, Applied to HL7 FHIR DeviceUseStatement allows an eCQM to address devices as:
a. Device, Applied - information about the actual use of the device
b. Procedure, Performed or Intervention, Performed (as appropriate) - information about the procedure performed to place the device
c. Diagnosis - information about a finding that the device is in used (e.g., pacemaker as a finding in a Problem List)
2. The HL7 FHIR DeviceUseStatement includes allows mapping of Relevant Period to indicate a startTime (when the device is inserted or first used) and a stopTime (when the device is removed or last used) - consistent with QDM. The HL7 FHIR DeviceUseStatement also includes a DeviceUseStatement.timing indicating how often a device is used. One use case is to determine that anti-thrombotic pneumatic devices are applied to the patient with sufficient frequency and duration to be effective. To date, most eCQM developers have considered finding details about frequency of use to be a data reliability or feasibility issue. Should QDM Device, Applied include an attribute to allow specification of the number and duration of device uses in addition to Relevant Period. [See whenUsed (for Relevant Period) and deviceUseStatement.timing(x) at: http://hl7.org/fhir/deviceusestatement.html]